Ukugembula ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengento yokuzilibazisa yabesilisa, kodwa kuneqembu elikhulu labesifazane embonini yokugembula elilibalekile noma elinganakwa kakhulu. Cishe ingxenye yabagembuli e-United States ngabesifazane. Lolu cwaningo luhlanganisa ulwazi nedatha evela kumawebhusayithi anikeza ukunaka kwabesifazane abasembonini yokugembula, kokubili labo ababamba iqhaza ngokukhuthele emidlalweni nalabo abayidlalayo.
Umgomo wethu uwukukhombisa ukuthi izinkundla zokugembula zingase zingalawulwa abesilisa njengoba umuntu engase acabange, kanye nokusiza ukugqamisa indima yabesifazane embonini.
Ukweqa Ngokushesha âŁ
- đ Uhlolojikelele
- đ° Abesifazane Ekugembuleni Ku-inthanethi
- đČ Yini Egqugquzela Abesifazane Ukuba Bagembule?
- đ Yini Esiyaziyo Ngezingozi Zokugembula Okutholwa Abesifazane?
- đ» Umehluko Wobulili Phakathi Kwabagembuli
- đ©đ» Ingabe Abesifazane Basemathubeni Engeziwe Wokugembula?
- đșïž I-Socio-Demographic Nokugembula Ukuziphatha Kwabesifazane
- đ° Ukusetshenziswa Komkhiqizo Wokugembula Wabesifazane Ngokweminyaka Nesimo Sengozi Yokugembula
- đ° Kungani Abesifazane Bethanda Imishini Ye-Slot kanye Nemidlalo Yelotho?
- đŻ Izimbangela Zokugembula Kwabesifazane
- đ° Ukusetshenziswa Kwabesifazane Abagembuli Ukwelashwa Nokusekelwa
- đ° Kudume Kangakanani Ukugembula Ku-inthanethi Kwabesifazane E-Australia, e-India, e-UK, e-USA naseBrazil?
- âïž Isiphetho
- References:
đ Uhlolojikelele
Kuyo yonke imigwaqo ephakeme kuyo yonke imiphakathi yendawo, kunamathuba amaningi okugembula. Kuze kube muva nje, ukugembula kwakuwumsebenzi owawuvalelwe ezindaweni nezindawo ezithile; nokho, lokhu akusenjalo emazweni amaningana. Ezifundeni eziningi, amakhadi e-scratch angathengwa eduze kwegrosa yamasonto onke; i-inthanethi inikeza amathuba angenamkhawulo okugembula ngesikhathi esilungele labo abafisa ukuzibandakanya.
Ukugembula sekuyinto ethengiswayo, kodwa futhi kuwumsebenzi owenziwa ngasese, kungaba uwedwa noma phakathi kwemindeni nabangane. Njengoba isibonelo, ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1960 e-United Kingdom, ukugembula kwahlelwa futhi kwanikezwa ngendlela engakahleleki kakhulu (evame ukuba engekho emthethweni) futhi ngendlela ezimele, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokugembula yezentengiselwano kuyinto yakamuva uma kuqhathaniswa.
Lolu cwaningo benzelwe ukuhlola uhambo lokugembula nokuziphatha kwamanje kwabesifazane futhi baqonde imibono yabo ngokugembula.
Lolu cwaningo beluhlose ukufaka isandla kububanzi bamanje baleso sihloko ngokuqonda ububanzi bezinto ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuziphatheni kokugembula kwabesifazane, izintandokazi zomkhiqizo, nemibono yokulimala komkhiqizo, futhi ikakhulukazi, ukuthi lezi zihluka kanjani ngokuya ngamaqembu amancane abesifazane. Lolu cwaningo lwaluholwa yimibuzo emihlanu ebalulekile:
- Ingabe imvamisa yokugembula ihluka kanjani ngobudala kanye nesimo sengcuphe yokugembula?
- Izinhlobo zokugembula abesifazane ababamba iqhaza kuzo zihluka kanjani ngokweminyaka yobudala kanye nesimo sengcuphe yokugembula?
- Ingabe izizathu zabesifazane zokukhetha izinhlobo ezithile zokugembula ziyahlukahluka ngokweminyaka kanye nesimo sengcuphe yokugembula?
- Imibono yabesifazane ngobungozi obuhlobene nemikhiqizo yokugembula ihluka ngezinga elingakanani ngobudala kanye nesimo sengcuphe yokugembula?
- Kudume kangakanani ukugembula ku-inthanethi e-Australia, India, UK, USA, naseBrazil?
đ° Abesifazane Ekugembuleni Ku-inthanethi
Ukuqala ngesigameko sokudlala sisonke kuyindlela efanele yokuqala ngaphambi kokugxila ekugembuleni uwedwa. Kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, inani labadlali begeyimu yevidiyo besifazane linyukile. Ngokusho the I-Enteractive Software Association (ESA) kanye ne-Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE), abesifazane namuhla bakha ingxenye yabantu abadlala amageyimu. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuluthayo luye lwanda, futhi ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kusanda kuqashelwa njengokuphazamiseka okusha kwezempilo yengqondo (kanye nokulutheka kokuziphatha) yi-World Health Organisation. Ngakho-ke, ukuluthwa kwemidlalo manje sekuyi-psychopathology ngokusemthethweni esivele njengomphumela wokuthuthuka nokwanda kokuthandwa kwemidlalo yevidiyo nobuchwepheshe be-inthanethi phakathi nekhulu lama-21.
Ngaphandle kokukhula kwesibalo sabantu besifazane abadlala amageyimu, cishe lonke ucwaningo mayelana nokulutha kwemidlalo lugxile kubadlali besilisa. Njengamanje, asikho isivumelwano mayelana nokusabalala kokuluthwa kwemidlalo ngenxa yokuqanjwa kwayo kanye nezinkinga zendlela yokusebenza ngaphakathi kocwaningo olwenziwa kuze kube manje.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ucwaningo oluningi:
- Ihlanganisa izinhlolovo zisebenzisa amasampuli angameleli (okungukuthi, awasebenzisi amasampuli angahleliwe, noma ezinye izindlela zemethodical, njengokuhlola kwakudala noma ucwaningo lwezindlela ezixubile);
- Isebenzisa izikali ezihlukene ukuhlola amageyimu ayinkinga (isb., Uhlu Lwemibuzo Lokudlalwa Kwegeyimu Yevidiyo Yenkinga yokudlala kwamavidiyo aku-inthanethi nokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, I-Internet Gaming Disorder ScaleâShort-Form);
- Isebenzisa izikali nezikrini ezisuselwe kumibandela ehlukene yokulutheka (isb., indlela yokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, imibandela yokuphazamiseka kokugembula);
- Isebenzisa amaphuzu ahlukene wokunqamula ngisho nalapho usebenzisa ithuluzi elifanayo;
- Isebenzisa imibono ehlukene yemidlalo (isb., imidlalo eyinkinga, imidlalo eluthayo, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi - IGD, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi);
- Ihlola amageyimu ngaphandle kokucabangela ubuchwepheshe namadivayisi ahlukahlukene (isb., amakhompyutha, amakhonsoli, ama-smartphone, namathebulethi);
- Ayithambekele ekucabangeni izinhlobo zegeyimu ezihlukene ezidlalwayo (isb., imidlalo yokulingisa indima enkulu eku-inthanethi yabadlali abaningi - ama-MMORPG, inkundla yempi ye-inthanethi yabadlali abaningi - imidlalo ye-MOBA, njll.
Sekukonke, u-10% wabesifazane ube ne-PGSI (I-Problem Gambling Severity Index) yamaphuzu eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, eyayiphansi kunengxenye yamadoda (17%) anesikolo se-PGSI esisodwa noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi u-6% abahlelwe njengabagembuli abasengozini ephansi (amaphuzu e-PGSI angu-1-2), 2% ababhekwa njengabagembuli abasengozini elinganiselwe (amaphuzu we-PGSI angu-3-7), kanye no-2% abahlukaniswa njengabagembuli abanenkinga ( Isikolo se-PGSI esingu-8+). Cishe u-8% wabesifazane bachazwa ngokuthi "abanye abathintekile". Kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kokugembula komuntu kanye nokuba nezinkinga ngokugembula kwabanye abantu, abagembuli besifazane abanenkinga (isikolo se-PGSI 8+) okungenzeka ukuthi babonakale njengabanye abathintekayo. Sekukonke, abesifazane bekungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi bathathwe njengabathintekile ngaphandle kwabesilisa (8% vs. 6%).
Inkinga yokugembula (ngokusho kwesikrini esincane se-PGSI)
Njengayo yonke idatha equkethwe kulokhu kushicilelwa, izinkinga zokugembula namazinga engcuphe asekelwe ezilinganisweni zohlolo. Ngakho-ke, banezikhathi zokuzethemba esilinganisweni esingokomlando lapho izinga langempela lingase lehle khona. Izinguquko ezingeni lama-95% zimakwe * (Izibalo Zokubambiqhaza kanye Nezinkinga Zokugembula Zonyaka kuze kube Sept 2022, 2022)
| Unyaka | Bonke Abaphendulile | Men | Abesifazane | iminyaka 16-24 | iminyaka 25-34 | iminyaka 35-44 | iminyaka 45-54 | iminyaka 55-64 | Iminyaka engu-65 + |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2018 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | - |
| Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2019 | 0.5 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
| Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2020 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2021 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - |
| Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2022 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Umthombo: (Izibalo Zokubambiqhaza kanye Nezinkinga Zokugembula Zonyaka kuze kube Sept 2022, 2022)
Ukubamba iqhaza ekugembuleni: imisebenzi nendlela yokufinyelela - Okthoba 2022
Ithebula elingezansi linikeza iphesenti labaphendulile ababika ukubamba iqhaza kumsebenzi ngamunye wokugembula emavikini amane adlule. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukuntengantenga kwesampula, yonke imininingwane equkethwe kulo mbiko ikhonjiswa njengezibalo zonyaka ngokuhlanganisa imiphumela yezinhlolovo ezine zamakota zonyaka ngamunye. (Izibalo zokubamba iqhaza kanye nezinkinga zokugembula zonyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2022, 2022)
Umthombo: (Izibalo Zokubambiqhaza kanye Nezinkinga Zokugembula Zonyaka kuze kube Sept 2022, 2022)
| Umsebenzi wokugembula | Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2018 | Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2019 | Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2020 | Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2021 | Unyaka kuze kube uSepthemba 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-National Lottery iyadonsa | % | 28.0 | 28.8 | 27.3 | 26.5 | 28.7 |
| Lotto | % | : | 20.6 | 20.1 | 17.3 | 19.1 |
| Ama-EuroMillion | % | : | 19.5 | 17.7 | 17.9 | 18.8 |
| Thunderball | % | : | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.6 |
| Ilotho/EuroMillions Ama-hotpicks | % | : | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 |
| Setha impilo | % | : | : | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.4 |
| Ama-scratchcards | % | 10.5 | 11.0 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 7.7 |
| Amakhadi okuklwebheka eLotho kaZwelonke | % | : | : | 8.1 | 6.5 | 7.2 |
| Amanye amakhadi elotho | % | : | : | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| Enye ilotho | % | 11.2 | 11.5 | 12.4 | 12.8 | 13.2 |
| Imishini yezithelo noma slot | % | 3.9 | 3.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 3.0 |
| Ezindaweni zokucima ukoma | % | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
| Ezikhungweni zemidlalo / ama-arcade | % | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.7 |
| Emakhasino | % | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Emahholo ebhingo | % | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Imishini yokudlala engokoqobo kumabhuki | % | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
| Bingoa | % | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 2.3 |
| Amachibi ebhola | % | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Imijaho yamahhashi | % | 3.6 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 3.6 |
| Imijaho yezinja | % | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
| Ukubheja kwezemidlalo | % | 6.6 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 4.5 |
| Ibhola | % | 5.7 | 6.0 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.3 |
| Tennis | % | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Eminye imidlalo | % | 2.1 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.3 |
| Ukubheja kweminye imicimbi | % | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
| Umphumela welotho | % | : | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Imicimbi yezombangazwe | % | : | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
| Eminye imicimbi | % | : | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Imijaho yenja noma yamahhashi ebonakalayo | % | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 |
| Ukusabalalisa ukubheja | % | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Imidlalo yesitayela somshini we-slot eku-inthanethi/imiklomelo esheshayo | % | 1.1 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 4.6 |
| I-National Lottery Online Instant Wins | % | : | 1.9 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 3.1 |
| Okunye Ukuwina Okusheshayo | % | : | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.8 |
| Amakhasino imidlalo | % | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Indawo yokuphuzela utshwala/iklabhu | % | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Ukubheja kwangasese | % | 5.9 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 3.2 |
| Noma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi | % | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Noma yikuphi ukubheja ku-inthanethi | % | 5.4 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 6.4 | 5.7 |
| Noma yikuphi ukugembula okuku-inthanethi | % | 18.4 | 20.5 | 22.6 | 25.0 | 27.0 |
| Noma iyiphi iLotho Kazwelonke | % | : | : | 31.3 | 29.4 | 32.3 |
| Noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokugembula | % | 45.8 | 46.7 | 42.7 | 42.0 | 44.1 |
Umthombo: (Izibalo Zokubambiqhaza kanye Nezinkinga Zokugembula Zonyaka kuze kube Sept 2022, 2022)
đČ Yini Egqugquzela Abesifazane Ukuba Bagembule?
Imikhiqizo yokugembula eku-inthanethi njengezikhala nemidlalo yasekhasino ivamise ukujatshulelwa abantu abafuna ukujabulela isikhathi bodwa futhi baphumule - kungaba ngesikhathi sekhefu emsebenzini noma ekupheleni kosuku. Nokho, kunezizathu eziningi ezahlukene zokuthi kungani abantu begembula (Izibalo Nocwaningo, nd). Kwabesifazane abaningi, ukugembula kunikeza ithuba lokuba nobudlelwane futhi ujabulele isikhathi nabangane, kanye nemisebenzi efana nokugembula emakhasino, ukuya kubhingo, nokudlala imishini emagcekeni okuvula ithuba lokugembula kuyilapho uzijabulisa nabanye.
đ Yini Esiyaziyo Ngezingozi Zokugembula Okutholwa Abesifazane?
Izinhlobo Zokulimaza
Ukulimala okuhlobene nokugembula kuye kwachazwa ngokuthi âizinga lapho abantu bethola imiphumela engemihle ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza kwansuku zonke ngenxa yokugembulaâ.
Idatha yemithelela engemihle etholwa abanye abathintekile abangozakwethu isanda kuthwetshulwa kuNhlolovo Yokugembula ye-ACT yango-2019. Inhlolovo iqoqe ulwazi olumayelana nokuthi ukugembula komuntu kungabathinta kanjani labo abaseduze kwakhe futhi kwahlola uhlobo nezinga lanoma yikuphi ukulimala okutholwa ozakwethu, amalungu omndeni, nabangane. Ucwaningo luphinde lwahlola izinhlobo zosizo nolwazi oluthinta abanye ababezolufuna kanye nokuthi bazamile yini ukukhuluma ngokugembula nomgembuli ngokwabo (Paterson, Marisa, Patrick Leslie, noMatthew Taylor., nd). Ukuhlaziya kwathola ukuthi:
- Cishe i-14% (abantu abangu-44,000) phakathi kwabantu abadala base-Australian Capital Territory (ACT) bathintwe ukugembula kwabo noma komunye umuntu ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule;
- Amadoda aku-ACT abamba iqhaza ekugembuleni ngamanani aphezulu kakhulu kunabesifazane; nokho, u-56% wabesifazane ubambe iqhaza okungenani ohlotsheni olulodwa lokugembula phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-12 ezedlule;
- U-5% wabantu abadala be-ACT (cishe abantu abadala abangu-17;000) baye bathintwa ukugembula kwabanye;
- Labo abathintwa ukugembula kwabanye bavame ukuba seqenjini leminyaka engu-18-44;
- Abesifazane basemathubeni amaningi okuthintwa ukugembula kothile kunabesilisa (58%);
- Abantu abashadile bathintwa ukugembula kwabanye ngamanani aphezulu (41%); kubantu abashadile abathintekayo, ama-78% kwakungabesifazane;
- Ubudlelwane obuvame ukubikwa ukuthi buthintekile kwakungubudlelwane babesilisa (okungukuthi, ubaba, umfowethu, umyeni).
Umthombo: (Paterson, Marisa, Patrick Leslie, noMatthew Taylor., nd)
Umthombo: (Isifundo Sokusekela Ukugembula: Ukuqonda Ukugembula Ukulimaza Okutholwa Abesifazane Abathintekile Abanye, nd)
Umthombo: (Isifundo Sokusekela Ukugembula: Ukuqonda Ukugembula Ukulimaza Okutholwa Abesifazane Abathintekile Abanye, nd)
Ngokusho kocwaningo (Davies, 2022), abesifazane abangaba yisigidi basengozini yokulimala ngokugembula, futhi ithrafikhi eya kumawebhusayithi ekhasino aku-inthanethi namawebhusayithi ebhingo akhethwa ngabesifazane ikhuphuka ngesikhathi sasebusika.
Nakuba imilutha eminingi yokugembula kungamadoda, inani labesifazane abafuna ukwelashwa seliphindeke kabili eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
| Years | Ukukhuphuka ngezinombolo |
|---|---|
| 2015-16 | 1,134 |
| 2020-21 | 2,423 |
đ» Umehluko Wobulili Phakathi Kwabagembuli
Uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-4.2 amadoda, nje Amaphesenti angu-2.9 abesifazane ahlulelwa njengabagembuli abanenkinga. Cabanga ngesibalo esilandelayo senani labantu abadala e-United States abayimilutha yokugembula: 6 million (Robb, 2019).
- Igebe phakathi kwabagembuli besifazane nabesilisa liyancipha;
- Izilinganiso ezindala zamaphesenti angama-33 abagembuli abayimpoqo njengoba abesifazane bebonakala bebukelwa phansi;
- Ezinye izifundazwe zinezingcingo eziningi zosizo ezivela kwabesifazane kunabesilisa;
- Kubagembuli abaneminyaka engu-45-64, abesifazane badlula amadoda ngenani, kanti u-67% wabesifazane abafuna usizo baneminyaka ephakathi kuka-40 no-60.
đ©đ» Ingabe Abesifazane Basemathubeni Engeziwe Wokugembula?
Ucwaningo lwango-2013 oluqhathanisa amazinga okugembula ezinkinga phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane (Ukuhlola Umehluko Wobulili Wokubandakanyeka Kokugembula kanye Nezinkinga Zokugembula Phakathi Kwabantu Abadala Abasafufusa) lithole ukuthi izinombolo zamadoda nabesifazane ababike izehlakalo zokugembula bezingehlukile kangako. Noma kunjalo, bekunokuhlukana okubanzi ngokwezibalo zamadoda nabesifazane abahlangabezana nemibandela yokubhekwa njengabayimilutha yokugembula:
Ukusebenzisa amanani amadoda ngokumelene nabesifazane atholakala ocwaningweni lwango-2013, lokho kumayelana umehluko phakathi kwamaphesenti angama-59 no-41 phakathi kobulili. Ikhishwe kwabayizigidi ezingu-6, lokho kusho ukuthi abesifazane abangaba yizigidi ezingu-2.5 namadoda ayizigidi ezingu-3.5 anenkinga yokugembula e-United States.
Amanani ayedlulele kakhulu phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi, ingxenye yabantu base-US abagembula kakhulu, ngokwezibalo (amaphesenti angu-84 abesifazane basekolishi namaphesenti angu-91 amadoda abike ukugembula ngonyaka odlule). Amazinga okugembula ezinkinga ayengamaphesenti angu-14 kwabesilisa, namaphesenti angu-3 kwabesifazane abacwaningwe ocwaningweni.
đșïž I-Socio-Demographic Nokugembula Ukuziphatha Kwabesifazane
| isici | n | Iphesenti lesampula |
|---|---|---|
| Ubudala | ||
| â16â34 (omncane) | 171 | 33.6 |
| â35â54 (abaneminyaka ephakathi) | 166 | 32.6 |
| â55+ (abadadlana) | 172 | 33.8 |
| Isimo sokuhlala | ||
| âI-NSW | 254 | 49.9 |
| âI-VIC | 255 | 50.1 |
| Imfundo | ||
| âUnyaka we-12 noma ngaphansi | 166 | 32.6 |
| âCert I, II, III, IV | 68 | 13.4 |
| âDiploma/advanced | 72 | 14.1 |
| âisiqu esiphezulu | 135 | 26.6 |
| âIdiploma/isitifiketi | 22 | 4.3 |
| âI-postgraduate | 46 | 9.0 |
| Employment | ||
| âUkusebenza isikhathi esigcwele | 149 | 29.3 |
| âUkusebenza itoho noma ngokunganaki | 132 | 25.9 |
| âEngasebenzi kodwa efuna umsebenzi | 19 | 3.7 |
| âUmenzi wekhaya | 54 | 10.6 |
| âumhlalaphansi | 108 | 21.2 |
| âUmfundi wesikhathi esigcwele | 42 | 8.3 |
| âIzincwajana zemininingwane | 5 | 1.0 |
| Indawo yezenhlalo-mnotho (isimo se-SEIFA)* | ||
| âPhansi (1â3) | 83 | 16.3 |
| âMaphakathi (4â7) | 209 | 41.1 |
| âPhezulu (8â10) | 215 | 42.2 |
| Isimo sengcuphe yokugembula | ||
| âAbangagembuli | 104 | 20.4 |
| âUkugembula okungeyona inkinga | 235 | 46.2 |
| âUkugembula okunobungozi obuphansi | 60 | 11.8 |
| âUkugembula okunobungozi obumaphakathi | 48 | 9.4 |
| âInkinga yokugembula | 62 | 12 |
đ° Ukusetshenziswa Komkhiqizo Wokugembula Wabesifazane Ngokweminyaka Nesimo Sengozi Yokugembula
| Umkhiqizo wokugembula | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ama-EGM | Ukubheja kwehhashi | Casino | Ukubheja kwezemidlalo | |||||
| n=250, 77.2% | n=206, 63.6% | n=166, 51.2% | n=122, 37.7% | |||||
| Ubudala | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
| 16-34 | 86 | 34.4 | 69 | 33.5 | 73 | 44.0 | 62 | 50.8 |
| 35-54 | 92 | 36.8 | 77 | 37.4 | 57 | 34.3 | 44 | 36.1 |
| 55 + | 72 | 28.8 | 60 | 29.1 | 36 | 21.7 | 16 | 13.1 |
| Ukubaluleka | Ï2=1.60, p=.450 | Ï2=.77, p=.679 | Ï2=19.77, p<.001 | Ï2=36.65, p<.001 | ||||
| Isimo sokugembula | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
| Okungeyona inkinga | 117 | 46.8 | 100 | 48.5 | 63 | 38.0 | 30 | 24.6 |
| Ingozi ephansi | 44 | 17.6 | 34 | 16.5 | 25 | 15.1 | 26 | 21.3 |
| Ingozi emaphakathi | 36 | 14.4 | 24 | 11.7 | 25 | 15.1 | 18 | 14.8 |
| Inkinga | 53 | 21.2 | 48 | 23.3 | 53 | 31.9 | 48 | 39.3 |
| Ukubaluleka | Ï2=12.79, p=.005 | Ï2=9.87, p=.020 | Ï2=50.18, p<.001 | Ï2=77.80, p<.001 | ||||
n = inani langempela labahlanganyeli kanye % = namaphesenti ekholomu Umthombo: (Daube, 2018)
Kusukela kudatha eqoqwe, singaphetha ngokuthi, okokuqala, abesifazane abasebasha banezingozi ezihlukene zokulimala kokugembula uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane abadala. Abesifazane abasebasha babesengozini enkulu yokulimala kanzima ekugembuleni, njengoba nje ingxenye eyodwa kwezine bebhekwa njengabagembuli abanenkinga. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa neqembu leminyaka yobudala, elalinamaphesenti angu-3 kuphela abhekwa njengabagembuli abanenkinga, kanye neqembu eliphakathi, elalinabagembuli abacishe babe ngu-10%. Abesifazane abaneminyaka ephakathi kanye nabadala babenenani eliphezulu kakhulu labesifazane ababengalimali ngenxa yokugembula kwabo. Lokhu okutholakele kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi kunezimpendulo, okuhlanganisa ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene abesifazane angase acabange kanjani ukulimala kokugembula nokuthi kungani lokhu kuhluka kwenzeka. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yomphumela we-buffer lapho abesifazane abaneminyaka ephakathi nabadala bezinze ngokwezimali, ngakho imibono yabo yokulahlekelwa (nokulimala) ibukelwa phansi. Kungenjalo, ezinye izici zingathonya indlela abesifazane abahlukene abacabanga ngayo ubungozi nezinzuzo zokugembula. Isibonelo, uThomas noLewis (2012) bathola ukuthi abesifazane asebekhulile banombono ophansi wokulimala ohambisana nokugembula kwabo ezindaweni ze-EGM ngoba benomuzwa wokuthi kukhona ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezinzuzo ezingezona zokugembula (isibonelo, ukudla okushibhile) kanye izinzuzo zomphakathi abazibona zihlotshaniswa nezindawo (isibonelo, ukuxhumana nomphakathi nokufakwa), kanye nemali abalahlekelwe kuma-EGMs (Daube, 2018).
Okwesibili, abesifazane abasebasha babegembula kaningi uma kuqhathaniswa nanoma yiliphi elinye iqembu lobudala. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukugembula kungase kube ingxenye evamile futhi evamile yokuphila kwabesifazane abasebasha kunasezizukulwaneni ezidlule. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukufinyeleleka nokutholakala kwemikhiqizo kubonwa njengezici ezinethonya ekuziphatheni kokugembula. (Daube, 2018).
đ° Kungani Abesifazane Bethanda Imishini Ye-Slot kanye Nemidlalo Yelotho?
Ngokocwaningo, abesifazane banemikhuba yokugembula yasekhasino ehluke kakhulu uma beqhathaniswa neyabesilisa. Abesifazane bathanda ukudlala imidlalo yezenhlalo. Bathanda ukudlala neqembu labangani ngisho noma bedlala imidlalo eyahlukene. Ngenxa yokugxila okudingekayo, lokhu kuphumela ezindlekweni ezihlukahlukene zegeyimu. Abesifazane bakhetha umshini wokugembula kanye nemidlalo esheshayo efana nelotho, i-keno, nebhingo.
Umthombo: Ucwaningo olubuza abantu besifazane ukuthi kungani bethanda imidlalo ethile lubuyisela izimpendulo eziningi. Nazi izici ezivamile ekukhethweni kwegeyimu yabesifazane. (Ekhaya, nd)
đŻ Izimbangela Zokugembula Kwabesifazane
Sekuyiminyaka, imiphumela yokugembula ithinta ngokuphawulekayo amadoda amaningi kunabesifazane, kodwa lokho akuselona iqiniso. Lelo gebe liyavaleka njengoba izinga abesifazane abahlangabezana ngalo nemibandela yokugembula kwezifo liyakhula.
Isibalo esandayo sabesifazane ababhekana nomonakalo ohlobene nokugembula sixhumene ngqo nokukhululeka abesifazane abangabheja ngakho ku-inthanethi, okubavumela ukuba bashiye izwe elibuswa abesilisa (I-Hill, 2020).
IKhomishana iphinde yathola ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, abagembuli babenama-akhawunti amathathu aku-inthanethi anezinkampani zokugembula ngo-2016, phansi kusukela ku-3.5 okubikwe ngo-2015, futhi amadoda anama-akhawunti amaningi kunabesifazane (3.5 uma kuqhathaniswa no-2.5). (Ikhomishini yokugembula, 2017)
đ° Ukusetshenziswa Kwabesifazane Abagembuli Ukwelashwa Nokusekelwa
I-National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) okwamanje ayinazo iziqondiso zokwelashwa kokugembula kwezifo, futhi âukusatshalaliswa kwezinsizakalo endaweni akwaziswa ngokudlanga kwamazinga okugembula kwezinkinga noma ukuhlolwa kwezidingo zokuqondisa ukugunyazwa kwamasu.â Ngenxa yalokho, ukufinyelela ezinsizeni kuyahlukahluka kulo lonke elaseNgilandi.â (Bowden-Jones, H., Drummond, C. noThomas, S., 2016)
đ° Kudume Kangakanani Ukugembula Ku-inthanethi Kwabesifazane E-Australia, e-India, e-UK, e-USA naseBrazil?
Umthombo: (23 Izibalo Zegeyimu Ye-inthanethi, Amaqiniso Nokuthrendayo kwango-2022, 2022)
â Abesifazane Abagembula e-Australia:
Ukwaziswa kwase-Australia kuye kwabonisa ukwanda kokubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokugembula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngocwaningo olubonisa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabesifazane abadala abahlanganyela ekugembuleni nyanga zonke,â kusho uSimone McCarthy waseDeakin University.
Yena nozakwabo bangelinye lamaqembu ambalwa njengamanje agxile kwabesifazane, uthi, âabamelwe kancane kakhulu ocwaningweni lokugembulaâ (uDavid, nd).
Ukugembula kuyinkinga enkulu yenqubomgomo yomphakathi e-Australia, ethinta impilo kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu nemindeni ngezindlela eziningi. Izilinganiso ziphakamisa ukuthi abantu base-Australia balahlekelwe cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25 ezinhlotsheni ezingokomthetho zokugembula ngo-2018-19, okumelela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu komuntu ngamunye emhlabeni. (Lets 2018; QGSO 2021).
Izindleko zomphakathi zokugembula - okuhlanganisa imithelela emibi yezezimali, izindleko ezingokomzwelo nezingokwengqondo, imithelela yobudlelwane nomndeni, nokulahlekelwa umkhiqizo kanye nemithelela yomsebenzi - zilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7 zamaRandi eVictoria kuphela. (Browne et al. 2017). Ukulimala okuhlobene nokugembula akuthinti kuphela abantu abahilelekile ngokuqondile kodwa futhi nemindeni yabo, ontanga, kanye nomphakathi obanzi (Goodwin et al. 2017).
Ngo-2015 nango-2018, inhlolovo emele izwe lonke ye-Household, Income, kanye neLabour Dynamics e-Australia (HILDA) yaqoqa idatha yokubamba iqhaza kokugembula, izindleko, nezinkinga ezihlobene nokugembula.
Izilinganiso ziphakamisa ukuthi cishe u-35% wabantu abadala base-Australia abaneminyaka engu-18 nangaphezulu (noma abantu abayizigidi ezingu-6.5) basebenzise imali ângenyanga evamileâ (echazwa ngokuthi 'ukugembula okuvamile') emisebenzini yokugembula eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngo-2018, ukwehla kusuka ku-39% ( Abantu abayizigidi ezingu-6.8) ngo-2015.
Umthombo: Ingxenye yabantu abadala base-Australia abachithe imali emisebenzini yokugembula enyangeni evamile, 2015 nango-2018 (HILDA Wave 15, 2015; Hilda Wave 18, 2018., nd)
Kokubili u-2015 no-2018, imisebenzi yokugembula eyinhloko abantu base-Australia ababike ukuthi bachitha imali kuyo njalo:
- Imidlalo yelotho noma ilotho (30% no-27%);
- Amathikithi okuklobha osheshayo (8.5% no-6.3%);
- Imishini ye-poker/slots (8.1% kanye no-7.4%);
- Ukubheja emijahweni yamahhashi noma yezinja (5.6% kanye no-6.2%);
- Ukubheja kwezemidlalo (3.3% no-4.6%).
â Abesifazane Ukugembula e-USA
Ngokuka-Sam Skolnik, umbhali we-âHigh Stakes: The Rising Cost of Americaâs Gambling Addiction,â izinhlobo zokubheja ezibekwe ngokuvamile ziyahlukahluka ngobulili. (BORTZ, 2013).
Ngo-2019, i-American Gaming Association yathola (Isifundo Sabathengi Sokubheja Ezemidlalo, 2019) ukuthi abesifazane babalelwa ku-31% wamakhasimende ayisisekelo okubheja kwezemidlalo, kanti enye inhlolovo (UKUVALA ISIGEBE SOBULILI KUBALANDELI BEZEMIDLALO, 2020) bathole ukuthi abesifazane babalelwa ku-47% wabo bonke abathanda imidlalo. Labo abazibheka njengabalandeli bezemidlalo cishe banethuba eliphindwe kabili lokubheja kwezemidlalo, okusho ukuthi kunesizinda sabathengi esilungile sabagembuli besifazane bezemidlalo. Ngokusho kwe-FanDuel CEO u-Amy Howe (I-CEO ye-FanDuel u-Amy Howe: 'Kunethuba Elikhulu' Labesifazane Ababheja Ezemidlalo Abaningi, 2022), inkampani ibona âithuba elikhuluâ futhi ibilokhu izama ngamandla ukunxenxa abesifazane.
Umthombo: Ukubheja Kwezemidlalo Kwabesifazane Okusemthethweni e-US (Imephu yase-US Esebenzisanayo: Ukubheja Kwezemidlalo, nd)
Izibalo zokugembula ku-inthanethi zase-US zibonisa ukuthi u-57% wabagembuli be-inthanethi e-US ngabesifazane (Amanzi emvula, nd).
â Abesifazane Ukugembula eNdiya
Ngokusho kokutholwe ocwaningweni lwe-Rakuten Insight luka-April 2022 olumayelana nemidlalo ye-inthanethi e-India, iningi labaphendula abesilisa nabesifazane lalidlala imidlalo ye-inthanethi nsuku zonke. Abesilisa babedlala imidlalo enjalo ngokwesilinganiso ngamaphesenti angu-52 esikhathi, kuyilapho abesifazane bedlala amaphesenti angu-43 esikhathi (Basuroy, 2022).
â Abesifazane Ukugembula eBrazil
Ngenxa yemithetho engqubuzanayo yokugembula e-Brazil kanye nokuntuleka kwedatha, akwenzeki ukucacisa ukuthi abesifazane baxhunywe kanjani kumsebenzi ezweni.
â Abesifazane Ukugembula e-UK
Ngokombiko wakamuva weKhomishini Yokugembula yase-UK (UKGC), U-42% wabesifazane ugembule emasontweni amane adlule, ne-National Lottery, amakhadi okuklwebha, nebhingo, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zelotho, okuyimisebenzi ethandwa kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, sekuvele umkhuba lapho abesifazane abaningi beyeka ukudlala imidwebo ye-National Lottery mathupha babheke ekubhejeni ilotho ku-inthanethi, nababheji besifazane nabo âbaqala ukuhlanganyela ezimpahleni zokugembula ku-inthanethi.â
Izibalo zibonisa imiphumela yohlolo kubantu ababambe iqhaza okungenani ohlotsheni olulodwa lokugembula ku-inthanethi emasontweni amane adlule e-Great Britain (GB) kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2021 ngobulili. Ngo-2021, cishe amaphesenti angu-23.1 abesifazane abaphendula abambe iqhaza okungenani ohlotsheni olulodwa lokugembula emasontweni amane edlule. (Ukubamba iqhaza kokugembula ku-inthanethi nguGender Great Britain 2021, 2022)
Bangaki abantu besifazane abagembulayo?
| Years | Abesifazane |
|---|---|
| 2016 | 40.70% |
| 2017 | 44.3% |
| 2018 | 41.40% |
| 2019 | 41.50% |
| 2020 | 43.10% |
| 2021 | 38.60% |
| 2022 | 41.80% |
Umthombo: (Lilly & Anderson, 2022)
âïž Isiphetho
Kulolu cwaningo, siphethe ngokuthi abesifazane abaningi kunabesilisa bathi ukugembula kube nomthelela ezindabeni zempilo yengqondo njengokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka. Inani labesifazane abafuna ukwelashwa seliphindeke kabili eminyakeni embalwa edlule, futhi ezinye izifunda seziqala ukuthola izingcingo zosizo zokugembula ezivela kwabesifazane. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, cishe u-40% wabantu bazogwema ukufuna usizo ngenxa yehlazo noma ukucwaswa. Futhi, ukulimala kokugembula kuhlotshaniswa nemithelela embalwa engemihle ephakeme kakhulu kwabesifazane kunabesilisa, ngisho nalapho bengagembuli nhlobo - ngenxa yobudlelwano nomgembuli.
Mayelana nokusebenzisana, igebe phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa uma kukhulunywa ngokugembula liyancipha, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane abasebancane. Abesifazane, ngokuvamile, bayakujabulela ukuvakashela ikhasino ngendlela ehlukile kunamadoda. Kwezinye izifunda, bayabadlula ngisho ngenani - ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile - eqenjini elithile lobudala leminyaka engama-45 kuya kwengama-64. Ngakho-ke, kunomnyakazo ocacile wokulinganisa okungenani ukubandakanyeka kwabesifazane nabesilisa, kuyilapho abesifazane bevame ukuhlupheka kakhulu ngemiphumela yokugembula evela kwabanye.
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